Generalist Model on a Case Study free essay sample

Implementation of the Generalist Model and the Ecosystems Perspective on a Helping Situation Pentaris (Notis) Pentaris Hawaii Pacific University Helping Situation (Case Study) Katie is a 17 year old adolescence diagnosed with cancer since she was 3 years old. The doctor told her parents, back then, that only if they had a new born child, it would be able to donate its sister so that she could survive in future times. Katie has an older brother, named James, who has learning difficulties and needed a lot of attention by his parents. However, Katie’s parents, Josh and Anita, focused all of their attention to their sick daughter, putting aside their son’s needs by sending him, at age of 7 in a daycare to handle his difficulties. Katie feels horrible and sorrowful that she, unwillingly, â€Å"stole all the attention† of their parents and he got nothing. Josh and Anita, when they were told of having another child so that Katie could have her donator, they decided to do so. We will write a custom essay sample on Generalist Model on a Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence Katie’s sister, Charity, was born a few years later. At the present she is 13 years old and has been hospitalized and been under the knife several times through her childhood stages. One year ago, while Katie was under chemotherapy in a hospital setting, she met a boy, Peter, who was also under chemotherapy. He was diagnosed with brain cancer. The two adolescences felt understandable to each other and decided to â€Å"hang out† together. That relationship was Katie’s first experience lovely and sexually. The next morning after she made love with that boy, he disappeared, until the time that Katie was informed that he died that day due to his disease. Afterwards Katie was devastated and most convinced of her own future being as well. Katie is in the hospital once again, after bleeding constantly and not being able to self – function anymore. There is a strong need for kidney transplantation, which only Charity can donate. Both parents have decided for Charity’s side that she will do the transplant. Charity does not decline the fact. Albeit the process is ready to take place, Katie feels so tired and sick. She has spent most of her life hospitalized and all of it under prescriptions. At the moment she can feel that nothing can be done. She is exhausted out of pain, and doesn’t want to keep going on pills. She feels that this is the time for her to pass away. And she is really happy that she is able to make this decision for herself. On the contrary though, her parents do not let her go emotionally and psychologically. They keep trying to save their daughter’s life and never stop and listen to what she wants or needs. Katie gives more effort staying in life, so Josh and Anita can be better prepared to accept her death. At the same time the doctor notifies the parents that Katie’s situation is no longer to be confronted by the hospital and recommends that it would be better for the dying youth to spend her last moments in home with her family. The mother reacts badly against the doctor and the staff in general, and insists for the transplantation to be made. Katie experiences all these deeds and emotions of her parents’ and her mother’s especially. She feels haggard with everything and still is in severe pain caused from her disease. Simultaneously she has asked her sister, Charity, to deny being the donator, so that Katie could die without any more clinical efforts. She believes that this is the best way of hampering her prolong of lifetime under painkillers and hospitals. Katie declares forlorn and rejected from the decision making process concerning her own life. She feels abandoned of her parents due to their unwillingness to listen to her and understand that she no longer wants to suffer and simultaneously make her family suffer with her. Implementation of the Generalist Model and the Ecosystems Perspective on the Helping Situation As soon as the intake process has been already made during the patient’s hospitalization, the engagement part of phase one from the helping process shall begin. It is essential, before everything else, to build a safe and honest relationship with the client, Katie in this case, so that the social worker can be effective enough through the helping process. Engagement is attained through the interviewing process while utilizing skills and techniques which will provoke such a rapport. Trust is a critical factor which enhances the possibility of a healthy and long lasting relationship between the client and the practitioner (Hepworth, 2010). According to the specific case study of Katie, the practitioner, as soon as he or she has read the intake form, which can be modified in the future time as well, has to be really sensitive on the situation. Effort has to be made so that the practitioner does not overlap with paternal or maternal roles, something that is not needed by the client at the moment. Katie feels devastated and lost in her own emotions and feelings. She needs people who will at least try to understand her, and apprehend her reasons for wanting to die during this phase of her life. During the engagement part of the generalist model the practitioner, in order to start building the social worker – client relationship, should also explore further the client’s situation. It seems that Katie, due to her physical condition, is not able to self – function, so the assumption of her parents filling in a lot of information about the situation on her behalf is prospective. The first contact with the client will begin with an initial interview and may start with the examination of Katie’s feelings and emotions, as well as the circumstances and the determinants that led to those feelings. In her situation Katie might also be referred to the medical social worker, which means that she might as well be defensive until a rapport has been build. While exploring Katie’s situation during first sessions, some of the questions that might help would be as follows: * â€Å"Katie I have read your intake form at the front desk and your parents also talked to me about your situation. However, I would like you to define that situation, as you experience it. † * â€Å"Katie, even though you were referred to social services office, and we have been informed about your situation indirectly, I still don’t feel that I know what it is that you need. Maybe you can help me with that. † Using effective communication skills during the sessions with Katie is crucial, so that trust can be gained at some point. For Katie it is really important to understand and embrace the fact that the practitioner is there to help her and shield her own needs but not her parents’, which are opposite. A milestone for Katie will be when she will be able to talk about her death with her parents and they, from their side, will be able to let her go peacefully. Referred clients have more difficulties in trust issues, as soon as they did not ask for the help but someone else did on their behalf. Thus it is essential to make those types of clients feel friendly and accepted, even if ethical dilemmas or moral issues are becoming obstacles (Hepworth, 2010). While trying to establish rapport with Katie, it is also important to augment her motivations. If things are to change, then Katie is the core person to change them, and she has to be willing to do so. Hence, having strong motivations is critical so that the goals which are about to be set will be attained (Hepworth, 2010 Worden, 1991). An example question while exploring motivations that already exist for the client might be: * â€Å"I can hear how important it is for you Katie that your parents need to embrace their future loss, meaning your death, so they can keep going in life. Nevertheless, have you ever thought what makes it so important? You are in the bed, having a lot of difficulties with functioning. What gives you the strength to try harder on that issue? † Engagement represents one of the core points in the helping process. As soon as the client is engaged to work with the practitioner and a rapport has been build, then the relationship has been accepted and assessment of the situation can be made and goals can be set (Hepworth, 2010, Hollis Woods, 1981). As referred to earlier, for Katie, it is really important that the social worker will show empathy and understanding for the situation. Encouragement and strengths oriented sessions are also crucial for building the client’s – social worker’s relationship, and while exploring the situation. * Apparently this is not the first time that you decide to change your parent’s view of your situation Katie. How have you approached this issue in the past? Biophysically assessing this situation, Katie has cancer. The doctor has already informed the family that even if the kidney transplantation is been done, Katie will not survive her disease. Katie is a seventeen years old teenager, who even though is struggling with cancer all of her life and one might assume that she is â€Å"used† to it, she can still observe how other teenagers or children are living their lives. She is still able to distinguish all the disparities between her situation and others’. The specific client is stating how tired she feels taking all these painkillers and being physically unable to interact as teenagers do in her own age. It seems that she has been facing such kind of emotions for a long time before the practitioner’s intervention. The fact that she is making decisions as her death circumstances requires knowledge of the situation and a lot of strengths. In particular, concerning the family system as a whole, Katie seems as if she is having the role of a linchpin between reality and what some of the members accept as reality. This is really important for this case and extensively difficult to accomplish. On the other hand though, Katie is dealing with a lot of negative emotions at the moment, which might decrease her ability to be cognitively healthy in terms of reducing her objectivity. One can observe many red flags upon this situation approaching it from an ecological perspective. Katie has already started to evaluate her life history, which explains the fact that her decision that it is time for her to die has not been made spontaneously, rather than thoroughly. She is wrestling with past feelings and emotions as well, and not only with the current situation. Assessing her past she feels repellent that she was the reason that her siblings had no attention while growing up, and mostly concerning her younger sister who has been â€Å"born to donate†. Added to these, her mother, Anita, is depicted as a passionate mother into saving her daughter’s life and she is trying everything on this behalf. She even ignores other family issues or needs in order to provide the best for Katie. The client feels sorry that she, unwillingly, â€Å"stole† her dad’s love. She feels as if she is the reason that her parents have stopped being partners in life, and eventually became partners in saving Katie’s life. Thus they forgot loving each other. â€Å"Katie would it be easy for you to reflect some of the differences that you recognized concerning your parent’s relationship, as long as your disease has been being developing? † Psychologically one can observe a lot of red flags, but at the same time there is cognitively developed thought from the client’s side, which might be interpreted as the client being able to avoid hazards. Applying a multidimensional framework on this case study, the practiti oner should focus on the social dimensions of it. For the past few years, due to Katie’s illness, it seems as if her only social network is her own family. She is spending almost all of her time with her parents or/ and siblings, either in the hospital or at home. Determinants dropping under the social tab can alert for depression or other clinical diagnosis referring to DSM IV. Nevertheless, according to the case study provided, Katie’s social network, even if they do not fully accept the reality, has become a great source of strength for her and for the system itself (Ashford et al. , 2008). During Katie’s developmental stage, which is late adolescence, besides the intimacy that teenagers enhance with other people, they also make future plans for their lives. This might be a major red flag for Katie. She is probably not letting herself make future plans because she knows that there is no future for her. We can observe, back when she was almost sixteen and she has met that boy in the hospital, that she made a few plans of being with him in the future. However, as soon as she knew that he has died out of cancer as well, she stopped making other plans and started accepting the fact that she also, sooner or later, will be dying. During this developmental stage, teenagers’ self – esteem is extensively important. It is interpreted as their evaluation for their one’s selves and also as their self – image (Ashford et al. , 2008). In Katie’s case, she is having a really low self – esteem concerning her self – image. One of Katie’s strengths is her ability to keep the bonds of the family tight. Due to her own situation, roles are changing in the family system and intense conditions are occurring in their home. Katie shows an incredible peaceful and calm pace that helps the members to understand each other. She also seems to have a most objective perspective than the other members of her family. As a result of assessment, it is apparent that Katie has several and severe problems that need to be addressed: a. Cancer. b. Emotional exhaustion. c. Adjustment issues according her developmental stage (i. e. independence failure). d. Family relationships oriented concerns. e. Guilty feelings against her parents and siblings of what she made them go through all of her life. f. Willingness to die. Both the hospital’s goals for this client and Katie’s goals and values are of great importance, so that motivational congruence can be accomplished while planning and contracting for this client. The goals that will be set for this client will specify what is to be accomplished. Having conducted the assessment it is easier to go through it once more with the client and more or less utilize the outcome of it as a start point on goal setting and contracting (Hepworth, 2010). Specifically speaking below are some of the potential goals and specific objectives for this client: * Emotional discharge of Katie so that her rational thinking functioning will not be affected and she will be emotionally sober to make decisions. In this specific case, a potential journal for each day would be helpful for both social worker and the client to observe and measure the goal attainment. * During the sessions and according to the social worker’s records. * Enhance the family communication pattern, especially between Katie and her parents. * Probably a couple of family sessions emerging the individual ones. In that way, Katie can also observe potential changes in her attitude. * Two or three sessions with Katie’s siblings in order to achieve better communication and feeling exchange. * Additional typical goals that will arise in the future sessions. Goals indicate potential changes and these goals can be modified or changed or new goals can be added in the contract during the social work the practitioner conducts (Hepworth, 2010, Hollis Woods, 1981). Katie is a client who even if she was referred to the practitioner, is in need of an advocator between her feelings and her parent’s emotions. On that extend she is probably going to use the help provided to her from the hospital setting. It is of major importance to specify the roles of both, the social worker and the client, the time frame, the frequency and the length of the sessions. In this case, the sessions can be conducted twice per week. Each session can last one hour and fifteen minutes, considering Katie’s physical situation and the medications, which make her cognitively and in speech terms mellower than usual. The sessions can take place in her hospital room which probably for her case and situation will be a single bed one. In any other case predictions for the environmental settings have to be made regardless confidentiality issues. Lastly, roles for the sessions and concerning goal attainment can be allocated (Hepworth, 2010). In this case the social worker could also have separately sessions with the parents over goal attainment. Added to these, the duration of the whole sessions can be more flexible in this case, according to goal accomplishment, and concerning Katie’s nearly death situation. During this phase, the social worker has also to decide the implementation technique he or she is going to use. Individually, directed into micro practice, crisis intervention can be used. Katie is experiencing a transition in her life at the moment, which is her decision to die. Even though it has not happened yet, it is a future crisis for the family, and the person who is dying experiences outburst feelings in advance. The specific model is directed to reduce stress, which is apparent in Katie’s psychosocial study, restore functioning, socially and emotionally, and prevent further deterioration. All of the above are attached to Katie’s situation. According to the three stages of crisis, Katie could be in stage (3) at the moment, which depicts a person who is almost depressed, really stressed out of her or his situation and feels helpless. Task oriented approach characteristics could also be emerged in the model that the practitioner is using, for accomplishing several typical tasks that might arise (Hepworth, 2010, Worden, 1991, Hollis Woods, 1981). As for the parents and the siblings sessions, directed into mezzo level, cognitive restructuring or Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) can be utilized. I am choosing the specific model because through that they can be taught different and maybe more effective ways and behaviors to communicate with each other, or maybe evaluate in overall the family’s communication patterns in the given situation (Mpountalis Pentaris, 2005). Lastly, advocacy strategies has to be followed for this situation between the family system, the family system and the hospital staff members, the client and the hospital setting and the staff members, and potentially the client and the relatives with other sources or networking (Hepworth, 2010). The evaluation and termination phases, as all the processes of the generalist model, start within the first session and are â€Å"alive†, in terms of modifications, through the collaboration of the client and the social worker (Hollis Woods, 1981). For Katie’s situation, it is difficult to â€Å"control† physical hazards that might occur, even the time of her death, as soon as the doctor is stating that nothing more can be done. On that extend it would be wiser to keep evaluating every other session or after three sessions each time, so that both the social worker and Katie can proffer to the process and acknowledge the outcome. Evaluation can be conducted through journals that have been kept, verbally during the sessions, and by observing the family members interact after a few sessions. Lastly, the social worker’s records are really important to measure the goal attainment of the ones that have been set during the contract period. In this case the termination could be either planned or unplanned. It depends on the client’s biophysical situation and development (Kubler – Ross, 1979). In any case, as decided during the contract, the sessions would be taking place till Katie either dies in that specific setting or being transferred into some different one. Personally, I would like to be more flexible on this case. Owing a pager I would give myself and my client the chance to see each other for a closure, if Katie could feel that that might be our last chance. In that way, by letting some nurse know about it, I could be informed and spontaneously be in the hospital at that time, if it’s not during my shift. Focusing on the ecosystems perspective in this situation and with this client is extensively important, so that the goals that are set can be accomplished. Katie is experiencing some needs and wants at this moment in her life, and most of them have to do with other people, mostly her family. She is experiencing her illness and its development within the context of her social and family network. She is affecting and is affected from those networks (Phelan, 2008). Her family is her biggest and most effective of her networks at this point of her life. Apart from that we can assume that church might be one of them as well. However this is not mentioned by the client and no priest has been requested. It is crucial to include for this situation both the client individually as well as the system of the family, applying a holistic approach. Katie is in a situation in which she is dependent by her parents and siblings, so they have to be part of her decision making processes and of the solutions she is seeking for her requests. On the top of everything, for Katie, her parent’s aspects of the situation seem to influence her emotions and feelings the most. Interactions within the family system is also really important to be observed, measured and modified if needed effectively, so that functioning of the system can be developed positively. The usefulness of the ecosystems perspective in this case, like other systemic viewpoints, is that we often try to understand people in isolation from the factors that create both reinforcement for behavior and patterns of interaction. This makes our judgment about what is happening for the other person quite limited and often inaccurate (Phelan, 2008). Conclusions Katie showed a higher level of cognitive development, than people during late adolescence potentially depict. Her situation was really sensitive and a lot of issues have arisen during our collaboration. She showed strengths that one can admire in a human being, especially when a teenage girl at age seventeen requests to die, without hesitation. It was of great interest the way this client could communicate with everybody and could forgive everything that was happening against her will. She again, showed remarkable courage and patience. What was of great observation as well was the fact that Katie made decisions in a more or less rational way. On the other hand, persons at this age and when knowing that they might die, experience the fear most of all and the anxiety, instead of the rational decision making nd concerning about others. If, through the sessions, we, â€Å"hypothetically†, had accomplished our goals, that would be a strong self – evaluation and feedback for me. On the other hand, regardless the outcomes, it would be really important for me, either for personal or professional growth. Challenges arisen while conducting Social Work with the specific Client Pr oviding appropriate end – of – life care for adolescences dealing with chronic illnesses is particularly challenging because of several developmental, ethical, and legal considerations relevant to this age group. Developmental issues, while working with this client, relate to ways in which the self – image and physical condition of Katie have changed. Working with Katie, who is only seventeen years old and who is dying, makes you realize the mortality of the human body and challenges you to, sometimes, depict your own death some time sooner or later. To elaborate on that a little bit more, new feelings are arisen through these thoughts. What is the most challenging in this situation are the legal and ethical issues that arise. Many terminally adolescences under eighteen years of age lack ordinary legal authority to make binding medical decisions, yet they meet functional criteria for having the competency to do so. Moreover, Katie is under eighteen and even though she wants to stop the efforts of surviving cancer and even though she would like to stop medication, she is not legally allowed to, so her parents are making the decision for her. This definitely a great challenge for a social worker working in this case. Following the Code of Ethics, social workers have the responsibility to respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person, as well as promoting well – being according to competencies of the profession. Taking that into account, the situation brings up a major ethical dilemma, while working with a person, even if he or she is under eighteen years of age, who is during the terminal phase of a chronic illness. What are the authority limitations of the setting you are working in, and what are the limitations of the practitioner’s personally. Probably an effective way to deal with such a dilemma as a social worker in this situation would be to talk about it with my own supervisor, and then provide my client a supportive atmosphere promoting excellent communication. As soon as legal issues are impeding her to make the decision of stopping the medications, the only way would be through parental sessions. Bringing that issue up for the parents might have been effective to bring wanted outcomes. References Ashford, B. J. LeCroy, W. C. , (2008). Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Multidimensional Perspective (4th Ed. ). United States: Brooks/ Cole: Cengage Learning. Armstrong M. (1977). Use of Biofeedback in the Management of Pain. 2nd National Conference on Cancer Nursing, Missouri: American Cancer Society Frojd C and all. (2005). Health related quality of life and psychosocial function among patients with carcinoid tumors. A longitudinal, prospective, and comparative study, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Psychosocial oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. camilla. [emailprotected] uu. se Hepworth H. D. et al. (2010). Direct Social Work Practice: Theory and Skills. US: Brooks/ Cole. Cengage Learning. Hollis, F. Woods, M. (1981). Casework: a psychosocial therapy (3rd Ed. ). New York: Random House. Klopfenstein Kj. (1999). Adolescents, cancer, and hospice. Adolescent Med: UK. 10:437 – 443. Kubler-Ross E. (1979). On death and Dying. Athens Greece: Tamasos. Mpountalis, V. Pentaris, P. (2005). The roles of a social worker utilizing an ecosystems perspective in an oncologic hospital setting. Agioi Anargiroi Oncologic Hospital Setting (European Conference Meeting). [emailprotected] com Phelan, J. (2008). Some thoughts on using the Ecosystem Perspective. Social Work, 86(2), 6 – 32. Worden, J. W. (1991). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York: Springer.

Mind My Karaoke †Music Business Plan Essays

Mind My Karaoke – Music Business Plan Essays Mind My Karaoke – Music Business Plan Paper Mind My Karaoke – Music Business Plan Paper Executive sum-up Karaoke is a Free Web based Application Software for personal computer. Smart phones and tablets. it is Initially Designer for the Indian Music Industry where people are Interested in societal Networking and interacting with each other through assorted Mediums. Karaoke will look near to Social networking. with a Fresh and New construct of people doing their ain karaoke version of their favourite latest vocals from All Different languages all over India and portion it With their friends and Well wishers. utilizing it as an Recreational medium. With Increasing and Incredible Piracy rate in India Karaoke will assist The record Companies. Artists and the Consumers every bit good. A Web based Application Software. where sharing Karaoke vocals and Interacting with friends is new and easy to accommodate and interesting every bit good. The Karaoke offers up to day of the month Original karaoke paths with good quality and voice modulating options for the recreational vocalist who use it as a diversion and Fun. The karaoke itself acts as an Social Networking Medium where it meets Facebook. Twitter and Sound Cloud which are one of the Top rated Social mediums in this coevals to do it more Interesting. Business Idea The Increasing Piracy rate in India. particularly in the Music Industry where 95 % of the Music Downloaded in India is claimed to be Illegal ( RIAA study – 2010 ) . India when Compared to the Other Countries unhappily remains in the top five. with a High buccaneering rate in the Film Industry. The Film Industry suffered loss of ? 450 476 000 ( INR 4000 00 00 000 ) due to Video and Audio buccaneering. There is drastic increasing degree of music buccaneering through Online and Offline twelvemonth by twelvemonth. where there is no mark of diminishing buccaneering rate. The Indian Film Industry is a turning Industry where the Numberss is on addition. India is the Largest manufacturer of movies harmonizing to the BBC study 2009. In 2009 India Produced 2961 movies on celluloid includes 1288 characteristic Films. The are more than 10 subdivisions in the Indian Film Industry which contains more than 10 linguistic communications of Films. i. e. Hindi. Tamil. Kannada. Malayalam. Telugu. Assamese. Bengali. Gujarati. Konkani. Marathi. Punjabi. Sindhi and many more. where each province has an alone Language of their ain. Minimum of 100 Movies each from the linguistic communications of Tamil. Telugu. Hindi. Malayalam and Kannada release in Cinema theaters every twelvemonth. 95 % of the Movies has Songs which is a typical feature of the Indian Film Industry. Each Movie releases a Music Album from the Movie itself incorporating a Minimum of 4 Paths which helps the growing of this merchandise. The Main advantage of KARAOKE is the increasing figure of people who use societal Networking and Applications for Recreations. Fun and remaining in Touch with Friends. India ranks Third in the World for Social Networking users. In India now it has become a Manner that people Express their Emotions in Public through Social Networking Thus karaoke would be an Entertaining application for them. The karaoke besides offers the Original versions of the Songs for Download at cheaper Monetary value where the Customer can purchase it after Listening to the prevue of the Songs. As the Application Software is designed for Mul ti platform it can be used in Smartphones and Tablets every bit good This makes the Application Portable and Fun to utilize it Wherever we are. The KARAOKE has an Unique Feature of Auto Voice tuning Option. where it helps to cut off Background and Ambience noises doing it easy for the Users and it besides Helps the Amateur Singers to Tune their Voice for Better Quality and Fun. It provides assorted Features likes gives a opportunity to Listen to the Original path for a Limited figure of times before Buying are entering the Karaoke Version. in each purchase of a Karaoke Track it offers a Free online Lyrics Script for that Song. where people can even alter the wordss as good. non it any manner of offering the Composer. Artist or the Record Labels. The KARAOKE has a new Approach towards the Music Industry where it Helps to Reduce Music Piracy in India. Where people can Buy the vocals Merely which they like at cheaper monetary value alternatively of Buying the Whole Album. KARAOKE soles the Purpose of Interest of the Consumers from All over India who likes Songs and likes to Sing vocals. This merchandise will Catch the Kids and Youngsters every bit good. Peoples in In India are connected to Internet and Social networking most of the Time. About 620 330 040 Facebook Users prevail in India Ranking the Third Highest Facebook Users state in the World. So Publishing and Sharing the Product through Facebook would assist and which would besides Prefer the Facebook. The Karaoke has a Separate Webpage which acts like an Social networking Website where people can wish and notice on others Karaoke vocals. give an Unique name for their Karaoke vocal and portion them on Facebook. chirrup and Sound cloud. Though KARAOKE is Unique in its ain Kind with different Approach towards Karaoke. There are Six Prevailing Competitors for KARAOKE Rivals 1. Meraghana. com 2. Redkaraoke. com 3. Taranaa. com 4. Desikaraokedownload. com 5. Karaokehindi. com 6. Latestbollywoodkaraoke. com SWOT analysis Strength – new invention towards karaoke – works both as societal networking and helps music industry from Piracy every bit good – low cost – latest vocals – sharing with friends – can be operated through Mobile Phone and Tablets every bit Well. |Weaknesses – original karaoke versions released can be pirated – vocals Piquing the Composer and Record labels can be made – thought can non be copyrighted | Opportunities – low cost options for individual vocals alternatively of purchasing the whole album – listen to the vocals for limited figure of times before the Download. |Threats – bing and new competition can originate with similar merchandises – cost of Web hosting and server infinite in Rise | 3. Background The Team Consists of Members with Knowledge of Music Industry in India. Music Engineers. Application and Server Maintainers. Software Developers. Me therefore holding rather a Good cognition about the Indian Music Industry and prosecuting Audio Production Course geting Knowledge in Both Artistic and Technical facets and holding cognition about the Karaoke Music Interests in India will work out the Purpose. Recognizing the Piracy menace and Detailed research how buccaneering affects the Indian Music Industry helps to convey up this Business Plan. For Additional aid and proficient Assistance People will be recruited in Future of the Business if Needed. The Team shall be Expanded in Future of the Merchandise when it goes Global when it is introduced in Other Countries. shall incur Help from the Countries Respectively for Further Assistance. 4. Ownership The Ownership of this Merchandise this Project would Belong to the Creator of this Product and the Financier of this Undertaking in 15 % and 85 % severally in the Net income Margin. where the Creator would be Developing the Merchandise with Different Ideas and new Inventions doing it Interesting for the Consumers. where the Record labels would hold Partnership with the Composers and Artists for Making the Karaoke Version. which is Simple with the Same Original Track without the Vocal musics and the Record Label will hold Royalty and Copyright Agreement with the Composer and Artists of the Songs. 5. Company Structure The Company Structure includes the Team and the Space for Suiting the Server and Technical Support. Though This will be an Free Application Software the Investors Play a Critical function and they Handle the Artists and Composers sing the Royalties for each vocal that is sold through the KARAOKE. 6. Team Once the Merchandise is Developed by the Developers for introduced in the Market. it needs Technicians for Trouble shot and farther proficient aid during the First 3 Months of the Product Launch where the Developers will be responsible for Screening it out harmonizing to the Agreement they Have with the Company. Software will be Further Developed and maintained depending upon the Increase in figure of Consumers. 5. THE Merchandise The Product KARAOKE is a web based Application Software for Pc. Mobile phones and Tablets. KARAOKE is an Application Software which acts like an Social Networking web where Consumers From India can Sing and do their Favorite Karaoke Songs from All Different Languages in India. The Cardinal Feature of this Product is Consumers have entree to utilize Up to day of the month Latest Karaoke vocals from more than 10 Different Languages in India. The Product is Economic when compared to the other Karaoke Web downloads in India. where Peoples can listen and take their Karaoke vocals before purchasing it. and they can Buy individual original versions of the Song they like instead purchasing the whole Album. KARAOKE has assorted Facilities where people can sing and pull strings their voice to do it better or Hilarious harmonizing to their wish. with Assorted Vocal Auto Tune Option. When They buy a Song from KARAOKE. they can sing the Original Lyrics where they would be given a free online Free Lyrics book for that vocal or they can do their Own Lyrics within the Footings and conditions. Where any Vulgarity or in offense to jurisprudence shall be instantly removed from the Web. Once they are Done with Recording the Song. they can Upload it merely one time through the Application. But they can maintain their Downloaded Karaoke version With them. Consumers will hold all entree to Training and Trials on the web page. When they Uploaded a Song. they can Upload it with different entering once more and so they have to purchase the Track once more for Uploading and they can’t Claim Copyright for their Lyrics or the Tracks. Any Unlawful Act by the Consumers will be taken to Account where they can go on utilizing the Product. When Peoples report Spams or any other Disrespectful to one another. the vocal shall be removed with farther Notice. KARAOKE allows the consumers to wish and notice on Others vocals and can Rate on others Songs. consumers can Upload their Songs on Facebook. Twitter. Sound cloud and on the Same KARAOKE web page every bit good. As KARAOKE web page Acts of the Apostless as a Social Networking web. consumers can call their Own vocals with the name they like and give a Description or Story For that vocals. Where they can show the memories of the vocals and Emotions through words. In The Initial Stage of the Karaoke From the Launch of the merchandise till it gets Familiar with the people. they get a Beneficial Package when they Invite people to the Product. they get free Songs and can do their free vocal and Share it. which helps the Product as a Promotion. KARAOKE is speedy to Access even on Mobile phones and Tablets where they all need is Internet and the Product. KARAOKE will be Introduced as Free Subscription Application Software. Where People acquire a Free Songs from latest and Up to day of the month vocals on the Web. which helps them to cognize about the Product and acquire Familiar with and they are allowed to Share the vocal. They following Benefit they Get is. As they Invite Peoples to the KARAOKE they get a Free Songs After Inviting 20 people as they Join they KARAOKE which makes it More Interesting for them and Which could assist them more to cognize about the merchandise. Where these Beneficial Schemes helps the Product’s Promotion and Marketing and makes it Familiar to the Younger coevals who are Active on Social Networking. KARAOKE will Act as a Fun and Recreational Element. KARAOKE will besides sell Original Versions of Up to Date vocals at Cheaper monetary value. which helps The Indian Music Industry to Fight Against Piracy. There are More than Hundred Websites which Offers illegal Download. which the Government wants to close down but the Numberss are still on addition and this Product would assist Fighting Against Piracy. Subsequently After doing the Merchandise Familiar the Product can be Redesigned to establish in different Countries. KARAOKE after a Steady success. will hold a Dealership will Mobile Networking Companies. because in India Many people use a installation called company Tune where people naming one another would listen to their Favorite vocal alternatively of the normal ring. where KARAOKE would offer that they can utilize their ain karaoke vocal which they made as their Caller Tune. this would do the Consumers more Interesting where they ever in a hunt of Something New. 6. Selling Plan Having cognition of Indian Music Industry and being cognizant of the High Piracy rate in India and the Attitude of the Indian Consumers who are Keen on seeking something which is new to the market and which helps to Interact with one another. friends and Family. This Would assist them as an Diversion and to remain in touch with each other in an Alone manner like of all time earlier. So we understand that people need something new which would assist them Forget Illegal Download and do them purchase Original paths and karaoke versions and do this as an amusement more interesting which already prevails but non rather popular. Here Kotler’s 4Ps of Marketing Help to Address a selling Strategy ( laid-back 2009 ) . Merchandise The Consumers want to Try something new when Merchandises like this Launches in the Market. They are connected to Social Networking most of the clip to remain in touch with One another. As Peoples in India are Music Lovers and Movie Lovers every bit good they would wish to seek this merchandise every bit good. KARAOKE is a merriment Filled Entertainment and Recreational solution for the People who Love music and love to do Music where they can buy Original paths. This Merchandise will hold a strong connexion with the Amateur vocalists chiefly. as they want to sing vocals and do it sound good merely where they are. and to portion it with friends. this will assist them to achieve what they need. KARAOKE is a simple and effectual Application in which they can do their vocal wherever they are. all they need is a personal computer or Mobile phone or tablet with internet connexion. Karaoke provides more Interesting options which would do it User friendly. Topographic point As KARAOKE is a Free Version Application Software. they can Directly Download it from the Web page or through Online Application stares of their Mobile phones and Tablets. After Downloading the Application. when they need to Buy Karaoke Songs and Original Songs. they can Buy it with their Recognition Card games and Debit Cards. which the Webpage would give proper Guidance. Another Important point of sale will be through Advertisement links on Facebook. chirrup and Sound Cloud. where people can fall in and buy the vocals on spell. No direct hard currency dealing would take topographic point. everything would travel through secured on-line debit and Credit card payment. Monetary value The Product is Very Cheap and Economic when compared to its Competitor although this is a new Innovation and unique of its Kind. The Application Software would be Absolutely Free with free Ascents as good. When KARAOKE is compared to it market rivals it is economic. where the viing web sites offer monthly and Annual bundle of ?15 and more. which are higher than the KARAOKE. where merely few Web sites offer individual vocal download which is Much more expensive than our Merchandise. To do it comfy for the Consumers KARAOKE offers individual vocals downloads at cheaper monetary value where if people are non likely interested any longer they don’t have to lose their money. KARAOKE offers Original Songs and Karaoke Version at the same Cost where each of them would be charged ?0. 11 ( INR = 10 ) which is the most inexpensive and sensible cost for a Path in the Indian Market. Where as iTunes sells each vocal at a cost of ?0. 14 ( INR = 12 ) . iTunes when compared to KARAOKE. it is moderately cheaper. As the this would be an attractive and inexpensive monetary value for the Consumers of the Indian Market. As the Competing Websites Offers Annual Packages. most of the Websites doesn’t Offer Latest vocals. which is more likely to be a draw back for their ain luck. where they are more like Coercing to Consumers to buy the Monthly or Annual Package. where as KARAOKE doesn’t gives the Consumers the Whole freedom where they can take what they would wish to Buy and Use. Promotion The Product will be Promoted in a Number of ways to Target the Younger coevals. These people Chiefly Include from the Age group of 16 – 35. where the Other Age Group Promotion would besides take topographic point. As the First Step of Promotion. The Application Software will be given as a Free Download where Peoples can research and understand about the Product. The Following measure would be that Each and Everyone who had joined the KARAOKE would be given a Free Karaoke Song of their ain pick which is Present on the Web. where people will now be allowed to see the Product and portion it with their Friends and acquire a good cognition about the Product. The following measure of publicity would be with Regional Celebrities from Different linguistic communications. will be making a karaoke version of a celebrated vocal and will be out on the Web and societal networking sites and their fan Pages. where it will be shared for publicity. this will assist the Product acquire popular. The Following Step would be. when people invite more than 20 people and as the invited people articulation. the Invite would acquire a free Song once more. This will increase the figure of users of the merchandise and makes it Quite popular among the Childs. Now KARAOKE would hold Enough users and they would get down wishing the merchandise as they Would get down Buying the vocals. Facebook. chirrup and Sound Cloud would play an Important Role in Promoting the Product as people make their Karaoke Song and portion it with their Friends Online. Ads on Social networking sites would take topographic point. As KARAOKE has new merriment filled Features like Auto Voice melody. Amusing effects. it is rather easy to acquire familiar and effectual with childs and Childs. Subsequently on After acquiring steady market and Consumers. KARAOKE will hold coaction withe Mobile Network Companies to utilize their ain vocals of the Consumers as their Caller Tunes. where we would acquire paid by the Mobile Network companies and they would be bear downing from the Consumers. As Each and Every hebdomad in India more than 2 Music Albums are released so people will be more Curious about doing new karaoke vocals and this will add up to their Entertainment. 7. Gross saless AND DISTRIBUTION Primary gross revenues would be through the Official Web page and Application shops of the Mobile Phones and Tablets. where Ads about new vocals and trades would be Published and shared through Social networking and the Followings in them. Ads about the release of new Albums and updates about Upcoming Songs would be done through the Official Webpage and Social networking. As Karaoke Acts as an Social Networking site it solves the Purpose. This would take quality clip to Get popular and effectual in the Market as this Involves people from Different provinces and Different Languages from India. As the Celebrity Advertisements would assist in Promoting the merchandise will assist the gross revenues of the merchandise in a period of Time. Distribution will be Done in the Web page and in Social Networking sites every bit good through Ads and information. where the Followers would acquire Up to day of the month information’s. Distribution will partially be done by the consumers every bit good as they do their vocal and portion it with others. which would be good for both the Consumers and the manufacturers. After a figure of people had acquired and history with KARAOKE. the following measure for the company would be upgrading the merchandise to do it functional for a big figure of people and doing it user-friendly after having feedback from the Consumers. 8. Rivals KARAOKE faces Competition in two Different ways. thought KARAOKE is a whole new different merchandise from their rivals. One manner of Competition would be through Existing Websites which are available for Karaoke vocals Downloads. The other manner of Competition would be through the Duplication of the Product and buccaneering of the Paths released through KARAOKE. There are Six chief viing web sites. which shall be stated below and compared with KARAOKE. 1. meraghana. com: which offers a Subscription Plan for $ 4. 95 ( INR = 270. 67. ? = 3. 05 ) a Month and $ 49. 95 ( INR = 2731. 27. ? = 30. 76 ) a twelvemonth for limitless use. The cost of this Product is really High for the Consumers as meraghana. com has really fer consumers. which doesn’t offer any new Songs and dressed ores on a Single linguistic communication from India and it does non offer any free add-ons like the Lyrics book and Movie Information’s. 2. Redkaraoke. com Which Offers a Subscription program for $ 2. 99 ( INR = 163. 49. ? = 1. 84 ) a Day. $ 6. 99 ( INR = 382. 21. ? = 4. 30 ) a Month and $ 39. 99 ( INR = 2186. 65. ? = 24. 63 ) a Year. where there rates are excessively high even for a individual twenty-four hours subscription and they do non offer any new vocals or sharing installations and there is no attention deficit disorder on to the Product as much. 3. Taranaa. com Which Offers a Annual Subscription for $ 20 ( INR = 1093. 60. ? = 12. 32 ) a twelvemonth. They do non offer any monthly Subscription or individual vocal Download options was KARAOKE does and they do non Offer any new vocals which disappoints the Consumers. and they do non offer different linguistic communications. 4. Desikaraokedownload. com it is a free karaoke vocals downloading Website. though it is illegal Downloads its Quite Popular where people can download the karaoke vocals and record it individually on their ain devices. where as the web site does non bring forth any installations for entering and Sharing the paths. As it is an illegal download there is no proper quality of the paths. 5. Karaokehindi. com Where Each Track Cost $ 5 ( INR = 273. 40. ? = 3. 08 ) which makes it excessively expensive for the consumers when compared to the other viing web sites. and they do non offer any monthly or annual subscriptions as the other web sites do. They offer merely old vocals and non the Latest paths which could catch the childs attending. 6. Latestbollywoodkaraoke. com This Website Offers up to day of the month karaoke paths. including the Latest releases for Free. but it is illegal Download where the vocals are non Copyrighted at all. The Tracks which they offer are manipulated hapless Quality paths. Though they provide latest vocals the do non supply any recording installations or sharing installations. SWOT analysis for KARAOKE when compared to its Rivals Strengths – Can be used in Mobile phones and Tablets excessively. which makes it Portable. – Easy to Use and an Interesting piece of Entertainment. – Sharing Facilities on Social Networking web sites. – new invention towards Karaoke because it is alone in its Own sort. |Weaknesses – duplicate of the merchandise – Piracy of Tracks which are released through KARAOKE – hazardous promotional Tactics. giving free paths ab initio for publicity where the Competitors don’t. – Heavy investing needed. | Opportunities – As it is Interesting for the Childs to utilize – support from music composers and record labels to advance the Merchandise – it is a free Application Software. which acts like a societal networking – immature coevalss involvement in music and doing music. |Threats – new clients exchanging to Similar Forthcoming merchandises. – people should afford to pass money for purchasing vocals and Karaoke Tracks. – monetary value / characteristic war with rivals – composers can officially let go of karaoke versions themselves. which would impact them the most once more | As the SWOT Analysis emcing the Competitors shows that KARAOKE offers a better trade and new interesting Elementss which would achieve success in market with the Younger coevalss Interest on it. Though it has its ain failings and menaces. by more offers and Ads and Development of the Product will assist the merchandise to stand up in the Market. KARAOKE is Unique in its ain sort as mentioned earlier and there is no similar merchandise this. though it has rivals. The viing web site are expensive and does non offer any New paths Usually which would do lose involvement among the Youngsters. who seek latest updates. even when few Web sites offer they are Illegal downloads with Poor Quality. KARAOKE would move as a Social Networking piece. which would affect the Younger coevals to pass Quality clip on it. this will give back the senses to the consumers where they get used to Buying vocals and Karaoke paths for minimum monetary value instead downloading it illicitly. The Strength of the Product lies in support from the Composers. Artist and the Record labels. as this is a new Innovation where people would wish to Invest and do money in return and this would pay the Royalty for the Artist and composer every bit good. By analysis the features of the rivals has been revealed where they are expensive and drawbacks in different signifiers. this would give back life to the karaoke involved Entertainment. 9. Customers The First set of Target Customers are the Younger Generation between the Age of 16 – 35 who are prone users of Social Networking like Facebook and chirrup. where the people who are interested in seeking new Merchandises. that makes them happy and Interactive. Thus KARAOKE would function as a medium for their Social interaction through karaoke paths and their vocalizing abilities. The following set of Target Customers will be from all age group who are Music lovers and who love to Sing. even if they are recreational vocalists. so this Merchandise will make justness to users from School pupils to working Professionals. This Merchandise will be good to the Aged people who are interested in singing supplications vocals and other spiritual vocals by themselves. Peoples From Different provinces of India would Buy and seek out Other Language paths in which they are Familiar and interested to prosecute. there are few Consumers who would cognize more than one linguistic communication and are interested in all linguistic communication vocals. this merchandise will assist to work out their demands. As there are Consumers from Different parts of India where each one has different involvement towards karaoke and Social Networking every bit good. this would assist to widen the market. As Peoples outside India are interested In Indian Songs and Indian Karaoke Tracks. they would even buy their likes from this Merchandise and this will assist in widening the market of the Product Internationally and Developing the Merchandise. India ranks 3rd in the usage of Social Networking Websites. There are 62 713 650 Facebook users as per the statistics record which has been taken late. where 48 % users are from the Age group 18 – 24 and 27 per centum users from the Age Group 25 – 34. which contains the bulk of more than 75 % below the age group of 35 which shows a figure around 47 035 238. Where most of the Childs will be Music lovers and interested in doing karaoke vocals Songs when something new is projected. even when merely 2 % of the people are interested from the age group 18 -35. there would be about 311 650 consumers for this merchandise. So this will be a certain figure where people will be interested in utilizing the Product which is Absolutely good for a new Merchandise during it launch. 10. Budget Initially the Business squad garlic necessitate a Time period of Six months for Developing the Software and Trouble hiting them. to do it perfect during the launch of the Product. it may take a month supernumerary for Fine tuning the merchandise for better Outcome. The Initial Investment for the First Six months including Software developing and assorted disbursals instead than Software Development will be ?12000 ( INR = 10. 68. 000 ) and ?4000 ( INR 3. 56. 000 ) severally. After finishing the Product and after rectifying the Products errors. the Product will be ready for it Launch. After the launch we need farther investings for Promotion and increasing figure of users. After the Launch. The fresher’s who are new to the Product will be Given a Free vocal of their ain pick. where it is approximately calculated with the figure of consumers estimated above. which would be about ?35 016 ( INR 31. 16. 500 ) where it is a whooping investing. after they invite Twenty more people to the Web and as they join the web application. the Invite would be Giver and extra free vocal where the figures are calculated at the upper limit and the maximal disbursal would be ?35 016 once more. The estimated Profit Margin will get down after One twelvemonth of the merchandise launch as it a new investing. where as if the Product is successful shortly and has many consumers. they get back the initial in Six Months clip. Ads for the Products will be ?3000 which can be compensated with the money the merchandise earns through Ads about films and music Album on the Official web page. As the Product gets households the advertizements gross for the Product will besides Increase. the estimation net income Margin on the sec on twelvemonth will be 30 % ensuing in a net net income of ?60. 000. 11. INITIAL INVESTMENT An estimated Initial Investment of ?16000 + ?73 032 in six month interval severally. a Sum of ?89032 will be needed for the Product. Which would include the Web development and Server direction cost including a amount of ?12000 and ?4000 for the Miscellaneous disbursals. this would cover all the disbursals including the labour charges and transit. Where ? 3000 from the whole Budget will be allocated for the Celebrity Advertisements and advertizements through other mediums. Free Ads of Facebook and chirrup would non incur any charges where they are reciprocally good. The projection is that at least 2 % of the entire societal Networking circle start utilizing the Product which will be about 311 650 consumers Using the Product. In the First Three Months 25 % from the merchandise consumers. which will hold 77912 consumers will purchase at least One vocal at a lower limit rate which would lend the gross at ? 8735. in the following Three months which Six months all together will hold 50 % of the consumer purchasing at least One vocal which would give another ? 8735. and the merchandise will be gaining through Ads of the web page which will lend a lower limit of ?3000 in the first six months which will bit by bit increase. Thus the Initial investing demands are explained. 12. Barriers Internal Barriers The Internal Barriers which could originate is. Effective investings from the Investors with Confidence to Bring up a Good Quality Product and the Time for Testing the Product and problem shot may take much clip as predicted to be. It could take Six to nine months for Marketing the Product through publicity and do the Product Familiar with the Consumers. This my be due to unanticipated Fortunes such as unwellness. occupation resettlement. etc. External Barriers Ageless Barriers would originate by the Lack of Potential Investors. who can get by up with the Development of the merchandise. Finding a Good Software development and waiter direction squad could besides be a barrier. Technical barriers like the velocity and effectivity of the merchandise in nomadic phones and Tablets could originate. Ads should make the consumers good before the merchandise is launched. Effective Competitors

Improve my english Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Improve my english - Essay Example Some of the types of learners include: auditory, visual, kinesthetic and tactile. I am definitely a visual learner because I tend to remember more of what I see rather than what I hear. More specifically, if there is an image drawn with the text, I tend to remember that text in association with that image. This means that I am better at grasping those difficult grammatical points which can be diagrammed or have some pictorial information written with them. I also tend to remember those grammar or language points which are available in the form of a video. Moreover, I like texts having a lot of pictures. This means that if I have to improve my English, then the dull novels would not do me any good as I would lose concentration easily. Instead I should go for magazines which are generally colorful. We all have our own learning styles and one should get accustomed to the learning style that is suitable for

Barriers to EBP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barriers to EBP - Essay Example In other words, lack of funds to support ventures concerning research has caused hindrances to most nurses hence limiting them to settle for the ordinary methods. Additionally, the inability to achieve certification confirming their endeavors in evidence-based research plays a fundamental role in limiting such an initiative. Another barrier to EBP research strategy involves no cost saving measures to prevent injury such as blood transfer devices, lifting equipment or turning of modules (Godshall 179). This suggests that no alternatives have been set aside on how to mitigate on the avoidance of waste. Similarly, because there are no costs saving measures, these injuries occur frequently leading to continued losses on the sector of healthcare organization. Alternatively, another barrier to EBP research strategy entails the lack of access to CINAHL/EBSCO databases for research in the hospital. This has caused laxity among health workers in conducting fulfilling research thus promoting the practice of evidence-based research. On the other hand, no access to databases of the hospital has prompted some nurses to conduct their researches in the places that are not validated in the healthcare sector (Godshall 170). Therefore, based on my readings, various possible strategies may be used to overcome the barriers aforementioned. For example, adequate incentives should be provided to joint national organization to facilitate the acquisition of certification. Health care bodies or NGOs or the government in accordance with the supporting Acts and legislations should provide these incentives (Godshall 183). This will encourage evidence-based research among the health practitioners including the urge to streamline the sector to higher standards. Alternatively, concerning inadequate cost saving measures to prevent injuries, the healthcare sector can support a few implementations. For example, other methods should be used during blood transfer that is less risky to

Economics and Government Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics and Government - Assignment Example Q4. Politics is as important as economics because it involves the allocation of scarce resources. I believe so because politics design systems that are used in the allocation of scarce resources (Roth 100). Q5. Targeting public transfer programs in the US affected public support for government redistribution by lowering public confidence. There was the observation that resources set aside for redistribution were being misused hence not benefiting the target public. Q6. Canada has income redistribution through minimum wages. Minimum wages target low earning individuals and reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. Minimum wages does not affect public support for government redistribution in the same way. This is because income redistribution has resulted in the public gaining confidence in the government since there is an improvement in living standards. Q7. Public insuring of healthcare expenditures in Canada has the effect of increasing support for government redistribution because it reduces the burden of paying for healthcare. The case is different in the US because the public bears the burden of covering healthcare costs. Health insurance represents a form of government redistribution because everyone is able to have access to healthcare free of charge at any public healthcare center (Mankiw 24). This is a big deal because a large portion of the population is unable to have access to healthcare services as a result of high costs. Q8. A decline in private sector unionization is an indication that the public has confidence in the government hence supporting government redistribution (Deming 11). In the case of Canada, declining private sector unionization has the same effect on public support for government redistribution. Q9. ‘Great Divergence’ refers to the process through which European countries overcame growth constraints to become the wealthiest nations

Tourism At Sabah In East Malaysia Tourism Essay

Tourism At Sabah In East Malaysia Tourism Essay Sabah its one of the states located in East Malaysia is known as Land below the Wind, because of its location just south of the typhoon-prone region around the Philippines. Sabah is Malaysias northernmost state and together with Sarawak and it is mountainous with lush tropical rain forests and its population of nearly two million is made up of 32 colourful ethnic communities. Known mostly for its two Mountains; Mount Kinabalu, the underwater mountain of Sipadan or Layang Layang Island absolute isolation will adore this place with beautiful views of the surrounding sea with Gomantong Caves are a group of limestone caves as well know for its high valued birds nest. Access to Malaysia eastern gateway is through Sabahs capital, Kota Kinabalu, which receives flights from Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Kuching, Singapore, Hong Kong, Manila, Brunei, Jakarta, Seoul, and Taipei. Domestic travel in this vast state is via daily flights between Labuan, Sandakan, Lahad Datu, and Tawau, though large a reas are still inaccessible. A rail network stretches from Kota Kinabalu to Tenom, and buses, taxis, and boats are also available. Sabah is an enchanting mosaic of cultural diversity with at least 30 groups with their rich cultures and interesting traditions and using more than 50 indigenous languages and not less than 80 dialects.   The main ethnic groups are: the Dusun and Kadazan the largest group who make up nearly one third of the population, the Murut, the Paitan and the Bajau. Other indigenous groups include the Bonggi, the Iranun, the Idaan and the Brunei. In addition, the Chinese make up the main non indigenous group. Therefore, the people of Sabah are varied in their respective cultural backgrounds. The tamu, a weekly open bazaar, offers a vivid glimpse into the colourful blend of local cultures. The tamu is where natives gather to trade in farm produce, local curios, handicraft, food and even buffaloes. Kota Belud is a favourite spot for tourists to capture this exotic occasion. Nowadays, Sabah has blossomed into a thriving commercial centre and holiday destination. A short boat-ride away takes one to the islands of Tunku Abdul Rahman park, a haven for camping and sea sports for all generation. Tropical Beaches As we know Sabah is a wonderful opportunity to relax and unwind on a secluded tropical beach or dive at Jacques Cousteaus favorites tropical island dive spot and the Caribbean Islands may be the current popular choice for an ultimate Tropical Island Vacation but Sabah offers a truly complete tropical island vacation package as it is a land of tropical wonders from ocean deep to mountain high. The 1st popular place in Sabah is the topical beach. Where you can simply laze around underneath a coconut tree on your deck chair with your heavily sun-tanned body soaking all the tropical sun you can get, a cocktail in one hand and a good book in the other, white and soft sand beneath your feet, the sound of the ocean waves echoing in the background, and seagulls passing by above you, your mind will be relax and forget all the busys life in the city. Sabah has an abundance of excellent tropical beaches that can make your dream tropical vacation a reality. Most of the best beaches with developed infrastructures are located in the West Coast of Sabah. Tropical Island Beside that the TAR Marine Park  is also is one of the perfect tropical islands in the whole of Borneo for the sun and sea lovers,this is because they are all well sheltered from the rough waters of the South China Sea and most islands are well developed in terms of tourist facilities to provide a memorable tropical island vacation of a lifetime.   In the other hand Sabah has numerous getaway locations where you can stay at quaint seaside accommodations or chalets. The best place for a tropical vacation getaways have to be at the 5-star  Tropical Vacation Resorts  getaways such as Shangri-Las Rasa Ria Resort and Nexus Karambunai Resort, both at Tuaran, about about 40-50 minutes drive from Kota Kinabalu, the capital city of Sabah. Nestled far away from the city life, both international standard resorts are perfect for a great tropical vacation getaway.   An alternative setting for a tropical getaway is at the many idyllic  Tropical Island Vacation  getaways such as the nearby islands off Kota Kinabalu coast at Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park. However, if you are looking for a simple and quaint location out of the city or if your budget is a bit tight, you can still enjoy a truly magnificent tropical vacation at budget-typed tropical seaside getaways. Tropical resort In Sabah got five best tropical resorts. Shangri-Las Tanjung Aru Resort, Kota Kinabalu. Shangri-las Rasa Ria Resort, Tuaran Nexus Karambunai Resort, Tuaran Nexus Karambunai Resort, Tuaran Pacific Sutera Hotel, Kota Kinabalu Shangri-Las Tanjung Aru Resort, Kota Kinabalu is located near airport and just need around 10 minit from airport.It is the epitome of the Shangri-La best.It boats some 495 charming rooms all equipped with the modern facilities. Shangri-las Rasa Ria Resort, Tuaran is situated at Pantai Dalit, Tuaran and need about 40 minutes drive from Kota Kinabalu, the capital city of Sabah. The Shangri-Las Rasa Ria Resort also located at the point where the jungle meets the sea and surrounded by 400 acres of tropical gardens. Nexus Karambunai Resort, Tuaran is located 30km North East of Kota Kinabalu, the capital of Sabah on a secluded 45 acres of tranquil, natural beauty on the Karambunai Peninsular with wonderful white and sandy beaches. Nexus Karambunai Resort, Tuaran which Sprawling on 384 acres of prime sea-front land with the majestic Mount Kinabalu as its backdrop in Kota Kinabalu, the Magellan Sutera Hotel, a resort within the Sutera Harbour Resorts and Marina vicinity, is far more than just superb first-class tropical vacation resort. Although it is close to the city center, the Magellan Sutera Hotel can also easily be a tropical vacation retreat for those who believe in spoiling themselves with the delights of Borneos famous hospitality. The Pacific Sutera Hotel can be the best described as a cost-effective tropical vacation resort. Although it is positioned a bit further from the beach area and appears to look more like a business hotel compared to the nearby the Magellan Sutera Hotel, dont be fooled by its appearance. Adventure Vacation In Sabah got the adventure vacation from soft to hard as it will brings you a variety of adventure vacation activities that is not only unique to this region but also can unparallel in quality. The adventure got like mountain climbing it will conquer with relative ease the majestic Mounnt Kinabalu,the highest peak in South East Asia.In Mount Kinabalu you do not need any special skills or mountaineering gears. White Water Rafting is a brave adventure which is the exhilarating ride down the river rapids on a White Water Rafting adventure. Along the more challenging Padas River (Grade 111-1V moderate rapids) or the family Kiulu River (Grade 1-111 simple rapids). Jungle trekking is an adventure takes a guided hike/trek through million years old rainforest at Danum Valley or Maliau The Lost World Basin. Borneos rainforest is the oldest in the world at around 130 million years compared to the 60 million years old Amazon rainforest. River Cruise is an adventure take a boat cruise along the Kinabatangan River, the longest river in Sabah,it is for a fun filled nature adventure on an ox-bow lake and to search for the elusive Proboscis Monkey and other wild life. Scuba Diving Vacation Sabah is fast gaining popularity as the latest premier Scuba Diving Vacation destination in the world. The exotic Malaysian state has some of the best dive spots in the region as well as worldwide. Besides the world-famous Sipadan, and its neighbouring islands like Mabul and Kapalai near Semporna in the East Coast of Sabah, the other top spots include Lankayan near Sandakan, and Layang Layang, situated some 300km off the West Coast of Sabah. Scuba diving Vacation at Sipadan,Mabul,Kapalai is three world-class dive destinations located within sight of each other are situated in the East coast of Sabah.Sipadan is the most well known, it is the legendary island of turtles. Mabul is an enchanting island where every coconut tree has its own number. Kapalai is an island resort built on stilts in the middle of the sea The standard dive package will include 3 boat dive combinations a day with professional a Divemaster as well as unlimited beach dives (minimum 1 hour surface interval). Diving boat and basic diving equipments such as tanks with air, weight and weight belt will be inclusive. Scuba diving vacation at Lakayan is regarded as the new diving frontier in Sulu Sea off the North-Eastern coast of Sabah. A jewel-like tiny island in the Sulu Sea and hour and a half boat rides north of Sandakan, Lankayan has been declared part of an immense Marine Protected Area. Its dive sites are all within minutes away from one another and boast unbelievably colorful macro fauna, fascinating wrecks such as the Lankayan Wreck, which was an ocean going fish poaching vessel appropriately demised in the area of its illegal activities. Lankayan is a virtually uninhabited island but there is one small resort that offers an accommodation service. Scuba Diving Vacation at Layang-Layang, it known as the Jewel of the Borneo banks, Layang Layang is a small oceanic atoll 14 sq km in diameter jutting some 2000m from the Ocean depths, making it a wall diving mecca. The exact location of Layang Layang is 7.5 degrees north of the equator and 114 degree east of the meridian, right in the middle of ancient South China Sea, 300km North West off the coast of Sabah. Besides its amazing dive features, Layang Layang is also renowned as a bird sanctuary, situated on the other end of the island. As for accommodation, there is only one resort on the island. The Layang Layang Island Resort is a modest three-star resort with 76 rooms and 10 suites. Its tropical hardwood structures and the likeness of a traditional Longhouse exude an unparalleled sense of hospitality and warmth. National Park Vacation Sabah also provides a very unique and nice experience of national park vacation. In Sabah, there is two famous national parks which is Kinabalu National Park and Mesilau Nature Park. Kinabalu National Park is about 90km or two hours drive away from the capital of Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. It is a wonderful place that let you enjoy the green environment with refreshing and cool mountain air which can let you totally forget about busy life of urban city. Kinabalu National Park is one of the richest diversity of plant, animal, insect and bird life in the world which is well protected since 1964. Inside this national park, we can also found the world largest pitcher plant, Rajah Brooke and world largest flower, Rafflesia. Mesilau Nature Park just away from Kota Kinabalu about 108km and within Kinabalu National Park, about 30 minutes by road. This nature park is about 2000 metres above the sea level. In this park, there is a highest golf course in South East Asia, Kundasang Mt. Kinabalu Golf Course which is part of beauty scenic view of Mesilau Nature Park. The spectacular views of the Kundasang valley with terraced hill slopes planted with highlands vegetables also another attraction for nature lover. Nature Tour Sabah is a really nice place for a fascinating nature tour. No matter island or national park or tropical vacation, Sabah sure provides you a tour with taste of nature and eco friendly. There is a 160 millions years old rainforest which older than the Amazon, the Danum Valley. Go for a jungle trekking inside it sure gives you an ultimate experience with unspoilt flora and fauna. Enjoyful soft adventure is also available at the top of national park. Another unforgettable nature experience is go for a River Safari journey on a boat. Rich and colorful multi-cultural of Indigenous Peoples must be discovered during trip to Sabah. Family Vacation Escape from busy city life, bring your family and spend couples of night at Sabah might improve relationship among your family members. It must be a great experience to have a soft adventure in controlled adventure vacation site with family. Wild Adventure By having a over 100 millions years old rainforest, Sabah sure provide a great experience by wild adventures. Breathtaking sights of rare wildlife such as the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Asian elephants are available at the Lost World. Take a river cruise to witness natures Christmas Lights, fireflies which all around inside the rainforest or catch a glimpse of the long-nose Proboscis Monkeys must be an unforgettable experience. Conclusion Sabah is a wonderful place to visit or stay in especially to those who like the nature very much. Amazing gifts from the god are fully and well protected here. Impressive scene in Sabah will make every tourists who ever been there a unforgettable experience and fall in love with it, Sabah.

Great Expectations: Injustices And Poor Conditions Committed On Women :: Great Expectations Essays

Great Expectations: Injustices and Poor Conditions Committed On Women and Children Great Expectations, authored by Victorian novelist Charles Dickens, is considered one of his finest works of literature. It was indicative of Dickens's strong feelings for injustices and poor conditions committed on women and children of that time. Through the main character, Pip, Dickens's demonstrated the compassion he felt for children. Most readers, like myself, are able to associate Pip's experiences with their own. Pip endeavored upon many things that I can see myself doing. From the beginning of the novel Pip had felt an impending feeling of guilt. It is a common theme in Great Expectations and is one that I have felt numerous times before. In one instance, my friends and I were at a party playing with a water balloon launcher shooting balloons down the street. My neighbors had just put in a new set of porch windows that were quite expensive. With a slight aiming misalignment we broke a window and had to confess to my neighbor and give her our apologies. Pip, however, had the guilt weighed on his conscience forever-he did not have the courage to tell Mrs. Joe that he had taken a pork pie that was for Christmas dinner. Mrs. Joe only made it harder for Pip when she asked, "And were the deuce ha' you been?" (page 20). Pip had to make a moral judgment about whether or not to tell the truth about what he did and is challenged with many more of these decisions throughout the book. Pip was later introduced to Estella, Ms. Havisham's adopted daughter, whom was taught to pursue retribution on all of the male population for her "mother". Pip became easily infatuated with Estella's good looks, money, and attitude. Estella considered Pip to be common and pointed out the ways when she said, "He calls the knaves, jacks, this boy! And what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots!" (page 55). Pip once again has the feeling of guilt, this time for just being a common laborer and the humility of his background. I have felt intimidated just as Pip was. It is extremely uncomfortable to be around someone who arrogantly shows that they are of a "higher class" than you. In my own experience some adults speak condescendingly to teenagers and it causes me to feel like less of a person just like Pip did. Pip has also felt extreme amounts of stress throughout the novel. Everyone is always encouraging him to satisfy his "great expectations". I have been pressured in a comparable way in early schooling when I was accepted to the

Is Democracy good for women? Essay

Democracy without women is no democracy! (Declaration †¦ of Independent Women’s Democratic Initiative 1991:127) Women have tried to change the contours of a male-defined concept of democracy and assert the struggles for democracy which have been present within women’s movements as integral to a democratic body politic. (Rowbotham 1986: 106-107) Democracy is not something which, as a matter of ill-fated fact, has failed to deliver on its promises to women. It exemplifies ideals which guarantee that it will never deliver unless it gets on upon wide critical examination of its own philosophical assumptions. In brief, the charge made against democracy is that, for women, it was never more than an article of faith, and while two hundred years of democratization have failed (and are still failing) to bring equality for women, even faith is giving out. The uncharitable might interpret these remarks as nothing more than proof of feminist paranoia and of women’s general incapability to distinguish when they are well off. It is therefore significant to stress that the charge is not simply that democratic states are, as a matter of fact, ones in which women are deprived (though they are), but rather that democratic theory is, as a matter of principle, devoted to ideals which guarantee that that will remain so. As a faith, democracy was always a false faith, and its prophets (including nearly all the main political philosophers of the past two hundred years) are now exposed as false prophets. These are staid, depressing, and even dangerous charges. The more so if we have no preferred substitute to democracy, and no revised interpretation of its central ideals. The tasks for modern feminism are therefore twofold: first, to justify the claim that traditional democratic theory leads to undemocratic practice; secondly, to recognize the ways in which that theory might be reinterpreted so as to come closer to democratic ideals. The previous is feminism’s critique of the faith; the latter is feminism’s revision of the faith. Feminist theory and practice occupies a revealing position in debates concerning the relationship between social movements and democracy. As both a social movement and an academic body of thinking. It also offers a distinguishing, if marginalized, theoretical contribution. Though feminists are not the only movement contributors to have been both objects of and subjects in academic debates, they are debatably unique in emphasizing issues of democratic barring and inclusion. This emphasis stems from the chronological experience of women’s marginalization in the polity, their subordination within fundamental movements, and the complexities that feminists have faced in their attempt to create an independent, comprehensive movement of women. From these experiences, two discrete trails of analysis have emerged. The first, feminist democratic theory focuses on the integration of women in the polity. The second, emerging from debates concerning feminist organizing, centers on the democratization of relationships within the movement itself. Both are entrenched in a critique of the masculinity limits of liberal, republican, and leftist democratic theory and practices and are entrusting to constructing liberal, inclusive, and participatory alternatives. Since Mary Wollstonecraft, generations of women and some men wove painstaking arguments to demonstrate that excluding women from modern public and political life contradicts the liberal democratic promise of universal emancipation and equality. They identified the liberation of women with expanding civil and political rights to include women on the same terms as men, and with the entrance of women into the public life dominated by men on an equal basis with them. After two centuries of faith that the ideal of equality and fraternity included women have still not brought emancipation for women, contemporary feminists have begun to question the faith itself. (Young 1987: 93) Women’s marginalization within liberal democratic institutions was simply obvious at the end of the nineteenth century and the start of the twentieth. The vote was regularly extended, at least supposedly, to all adult men decades before it was to women. Full female suffrage was not won in Great Britain, for instance, until 1928. In France it was not granted until after the Second World War and in Switzerland not until the seventies. Early feminists felt that the elimination of women from the vote and other rights and privileges liberals accorded to â€Å"mankind† was conflicting and ignorant, a hangover of pre-Enlightenment prejudice and tradition that needed only to be brought to public attention to be remedied. However, it â€Å"turned out to be the merest tip of the iceberg: a daunting hint at deeper structures that stay women politically unequal† (Phillips 1993: 103). This is not to say that women do not use their vote as often or as autonomously as men. This has been the conclusion of some non-feminist studies of female voting behavior, which have argued that women are apolitical and ready to delegate decision making to the male head of family. Consequent feminist studies have concluded that gender disparities in voting behavior are extremely context specific, stratified by social and geographic location, and expected to diminish as women gain access to education and formal employment (Randall 1987: 50-53; Conway et al. 1997: 77-80; Baxter and Lansing 1983: 17-39). though, once we move beyond the vote, the participation of women of all backgrounds in those institutions inner to the functioning of liberal democracies, from parties to lobbying groups, remains considerably less than that of comparable men, though the proportion still varies eventually and space (Randall 1987: 53-58; Conway et al. 1997: 80-128). At the utmost levels of government, the numbers of women shrink radically, with little difference between democratic and non-democratic regimes. A sweeping experiential survey of both reveals: A bleak picture of women’s contribution as national leaders, cabinet ministers, members of national legislatures and sittings in the high civil service. At the end of 1990, only 6 of the 159 countries represented in the United Nations had women as chief executives. In almost 100 countries men held all the senior and deputy ministerial positions in 1987-89. Worldwide, only 10 percent of national lawmaking seats were held by women in 1987. (Chowdhury et al. 1994:15) There are disparities in the degree of women’s participation, even at this level. Most notably, Nordic countries have long outpaced other liberal democracies in the percentage of women in their legislatures as of facilitating welfare reforms, an democratic culture, and the overture of political quotas. For instance, women made up 37. 5 percent of the legislature in Norway in 1994 (Nelson and Chowdhury 1994: 775) and 47. 4 percent of the cabinet in 1991 (Bowker-Sauer 1991: 277). Jane Jaquette has argued that there were obvious increases in indicators of women’s demonstration in many regions during the 1990s. Yet the figures she cites underline the devastating reality of continuing female marginalization: â€Å"In the United States, women now make up 11. 2 per cent of Congress†; more than double the figure of 1987, certainly, but the fact remains that men still constitute 88. 8 percent (1997: 26-27). To take another example, women gained around 20 percent of the seats in the British Parliament in the 1997 elections. This was a vivid rise, but one leaving around 80 percent of representatives male. What is more, these advances remain brittle. In the British case, they were the consequence of the victorious Labour Party having ensured that a percentage of its candidate shortlists were composed of women, a move that consequently was ruled illegal. Finally, any advances have been compensated by the sharp drop in female levels of contribution during the East Central European transitions to liberal democracy. The significant point to recognize is that Nordic uniqueness and recent incremental advances in some countries do not basically alter the stark and relatively static discrepancy between male and female levels of contribution in liberal democratic institutions wide-reaching. Women have also not been incorporated as equals into substitute visions of democracy. The previously Marxist-Leninist regimes in East Central Europe made an overt effort to establish a considerable women’s presence within their policy-making institutions, attaining an average proportion of between 25 and 35 percent. Though, this was again much lower than women’s presence in the general population and it was attainned through quotas. Though they are not essentially undemocratic in themselves, quotas meshed with male-dominated, authoritarian rule to inflict a female presence lacking in legitimacy, autonomy, and real power. Additionally, efforts to democratize relations of production continued circumscribed by the top-down imposition of decisions by the party and by ongoing gender hierarchies within the party, workplace, and home. Women were integrated in large numbers into the workers but in lower paid, lower status work. They remained burdened with domestic responsibilities, and their capability for autonomy at work and in the home was thus not efficiently increased (Jaquette 1997: 27; Janova and Sineau 1992: 119-123). Anti-colonial radical movements that arose elsewhere throughout the twentieth century, from Vietnam to Nicaragua, were apparently more popular-democratic in nature and often succeeded in mobilizing large numbers of women in a wide diversity of roles. Though, they have also shown a propensity to relapse to more traditional divisions of labor on attaining state power, excluding women from positions of authority. The record is not much better for fundamental movements that are not primarily tilting toward gaining state power. The New Left, for instance, mobilized many women and was distinguished by an egalitarian, participatory democratic ethic, but it generated mainly male spokespeople and privileged masculinist modes of behavior. It also failed to challenge the sexual objectification of women and channeled them into community-oriented activism and supportive, administrative tasks (Evans 1979: 108-155, 177-179). Similar stories of women’s subordination and the trivialization of their concerns have emerged from more recent fundamental nonstatist movements’ organizations, from the Israeli peace group â€Å"The 21st Year† (Rapoport and Sasson-Levy 1997: 8) to the ecological activists â€Å"Earth First! † (Sturgeon 1997: 49-57). A major approaching of early second-wave feminist thought was the classification of gender itself as a site and source of hierarchical power, functioning to benefit masculine traits, roles, and values over feminine comparables. This brought with it an prominence on the pervasiveness of power and a focus on its operations at the micro level of daily interactions, or what Nira Yuval-Davis calls â€Å"primary social relations† (1997a: 13). This contrasted with the focus of most modernist approaches on power in â€Å"more distant secondary social relations† (Yuval-Davis 1997a: 13), namely the state and/or economy. Early second-wave feminists explicated the causes and operations of gendered power under the rubric of patriarchy. The factual meaning of patriarchy as rule of the father, â€Å"the principle of the authority of senior males over juniors, male as well as female† (Uberoi 1995: 196), was stretched in very diverse directions. It was conceptualized by â€Å"radical† feminists as the primary and most essential form of power, exercised by all men over all women all through the world and originating in either male biological capacities and psychological disaffection or women’s susceptibility to physical attack and pregnancy. Patriarchy in this sense was understood to be retained through male aggression, the philosophy of heterosexuality, and the institutionalization of both in marriage and the family. on the contrary, feminists working within Marxist and socialist theoretical traditions concerted on the operations of patriarchy in capitalist modernity. Some argued that capitalism was essentially patriarchal, with varying stress given to the gendered division of labor, the reproductive role of women, or the purpose of the household within the economy. Others insisted that patriarchy and capitalism were distinct if inter-related systems of power, though they disagreed on the specific nature of that interrelationship. All established that neither patriarchy nor capitalism must be systematically or politically privileged, both being equally major forms of power. In addition, socialist feminists agreed that patriarchy was a property of structures that located both women and men in patterned roles within society. Most socialist and radical feminists held to the view that it was both potential and essential to abolish patriarchal and capitalist power relations and thus form a power-free world. A third strand in second-wave feminist thinking concerning gender and power drawing a division between power over as authority and control and power to as creative capacity, exercised in involvement with others rather than at their expense. The latter form of power also featured as an significant strand in republican thinking. Feminists have argued that it reflects especially feminine, relational modes of being and acting, of the kind typically exercised in close realms of life and in local communities. Such arguments have usually not been intended as a refusal of theories of patriarchal power over but do adapt them by insisting that women’s experiences are not completely negative and that their capacity for agency must be recognized alongside the constraints imposed upon it. This entails that patriarchal power has not completely prevented women from making an involvement to democracy although it has ensured that their involvement has not been fully valued. Second-wave feminist criticisms of the limited extent of most formulations of democracy focus predominantly on the dissimilarity between public and private life. Many feminists have accepted the force of Marx’s analysis of the liberal divide between public life and the private world of civil society. though, they have added that both liberalism and Marxism, and other approaches to democracy, rely on and reify a diverse public/private peculiarity, that between the domestic realm and the rest of social life (Pateman 1989: 118-140). The gendered nature of the domestic globe was openly recognized and defended in early moderate and republican work, and criticized in some Marxist and anarchist tracts, but it has since been included within the nebulous mass of civil society. Women’s continued involvement with the domestic, and the positioning of the domestic as especially private and outside of the public, has served to accept the relations of inequality between the genders that structure all dominions of life and to ensure that most women remain politically indiscernible. Whereas some second-wave feminists have formed historical and transcultural theories of this trend, others have stressed that it’s precise formulation and the consequences for women have diverse over time and place. Carole Pateman’s significant analysis of the recasting of this relationship in modernity (1989) describes a evolution from a monumental public patriarchal order, in which paternal control of the household was subordinated to a masculine hierarchy descending downwards from God and the King, to a system of private patriarchy whereby male heads of households were reconstituted as free and equal agents in the public globe through the continuation of hierarchical gender relations in the home. This meant that the state and the allegedly private civil sphere were constructed as fraternal associations of especially masculine equals. This argument is resistant by feminist critiques of the masculinist and Eurocentric character of public modes of behavior and language, such as balanced speech and impartial judgment. Feminists have argued that the supremacy of these modes is predicated on the relegation to the private sphere of bodily, affective, and illogical ways of being and those people, including women, who are considered to mark those (Young 1987). Perhaps most feminist investigations of the public/private divide in modernity, mainly those influenced by Marxism, have focused on the gendered division of labor under capitalism: the methodical allocation of accountability for â€Å"public,† paid work to men and â€Å"private,† unpaid labor to women. This is not an argument that women have been completely absent from the public economy. Total imprisonment to the home must be understood as a bourgeois ambition rather than a reality for most women. It was legitimately rejected in apparently socialist regimes and is increasingly being redundant by women of all classes in most locations. Though, women still take on the irresistible responsibility for family and domestic chores and this, joint with associated ideologies of domesticity, romance, and sexuality, channels them into marginalized, subordinated, and frequently sexualized roles in the formal economy. Precisely where the causal means in this process has been situated by feminists has depended on their precise analysis of the way patriarchy works and its relationship with capitalism. There has, conversely, been general agreement on the effects. In the West, women are intense in public welfare provision and service sectors, clerical and non-unionized manufacturing occupations, and part-time and lower paid rungs of the workforce. Women in emergent economies carry out the bulk of textile and electronics production, typically in non-unionized conditions that are often appalling. Those on the fringes of the world economy eke out a living from marginal agriculture, the informal economy, and sexual and domestic work. The dual burden of insecure and low-paid work in the formal economy and domestic chores in the private sphere operates as what feminist political scientists call a â€Å"situational constraint,† restrictive the participation of women, particularly those from certain classes, races, and locations, in public, political activities (Randall 1987: 127-129). All the above arguments focus on the gendered segregations arising from the restraints of politics to the public sphere. Feminist analysis also entails that the gendered hierarchies of the private sphere require to be recognized as political. This was the interpretation behind one of the most renowned second-wave slogans, â€Å"the personal is political. † The slogan insisted that in fact personal issues typically faced by isolated individuals behind closed doors such as whether to have sex, whether to have children, or how to systematize caring roles and responsibilities were analytically shaped by structures and relations of power that disadvantaged women relative to men. These power relations also limited women’s entree to partaking in those areas of life more characteristically understood as political and they requisite collective contestation (Randall 1987: 12-13). Effectively, this necessitated a refusal of restricted notions of politics as a characteristic activity separated out from social life, or as limited to a explicit realm or social struggle. Politics was extended to encompass the maintenance or contestation of coercive power relations wherever they were marked. This is a fundamentally agonistic formulation of politics as essentially confliction. It brought with it a liberal notion of democratic politics as the contestation of coercive power relations, and the disparities and marginalization they produce, in even the most intimate areas of life. It could be argued that this too is an agonistic formulation, one that anticipates the postmodern reconfiguration of democracy as a continuing process of conflict and contestation rather than an attainable end state. However, there is another element to the expansive feminist formulation of democracy, and that is the ambition to construct more cooperative, inclusive, and participatory relationships between individual women and the community. Certainly, second-wave feminists have had greatly different visions of possible â€Å"utopias† to which they desired and they have advocated very diverse routes to get there. Moreover, their arguments have hardly ever been articulated using the language of democracy per se. But the general point remains that much of untimely second-wave feminism sought to ease the self-determination and creative flowering of individual women and the development of more democratic and authentically consensual relationships between women and/or between women and men. This reverberates strongly with revolutionary arguments about democracy. One cause for the second-wave emphasis on participatory modes of democracy was a distress with women’s political agency and its chronological erasure. â€Å"Male stream† approaches to democracy were condemned for universalizing masculinist ideas concerning who can act in democracy and how they do and must act, in ways that function to eliminate women or marginalize their activities. One center of criticism was the liberal notion of the political subject as an asocial individual affianced in the rational pursuit of pregiven ends. Drawing on histories of the social and cultural collision of gender roles, psychoanalytic theories of gender establishment, and the experience of giving birth and living in families, feminists have argued that women hardly ever have the opportunity or the desire to live as entirely separate and discrete persons to the degree presumed by liberal ontology. Men can do so simply if they distance themselves from feminine traits and roles, relying on women to assume the major accountability for domestic labor and emotional interrelationships in the domestic spheres. The more social conceptualization of citizenship put onward by republicans, whereby individual autonomy is achieved through public consideration, has been seen as little better as it shares with liberalism the insistence that all corporal differences and particularist emotional attachments should be transcended in the public sphere. In early liberal and republican formulations, the gendered allegations of this move were made explicit. The bodily disparities of women from men and their involvement with sexuality, childbirth, and childrearing earned them a subsidiary service role in the private (Jones 1990: 790-792). Also, second-wave feminists have noted that the chronological connection between nationality and military service, predominantly evident in republican formulations, has resistant women’s internment to the private by positioning them as vulnerable and in require of protection. The fact that women finally won formal inclusion as citizens (and, somewhat, as soldiers) has not, many feminists have argued, altered the fundamental masculinist model. Women’s participation is probable to remain partial and driven with disagreements. This is supported by the findings of feminist political scientists with consider to the situational constraints faced by women with childcare responsibilities and the socialization of young girls into domestic roles and inert traits, both of which bound women’s capacity to become political actors as conservatively understood (Randall 1987: 123-126). A final area of second-wave feminist criticism has drawn consideration to the limits of strategies for change in â€Å"male stream† democratic frameworks. This is not to contradict that many feminists have established conventional strategies. Reformism has been and remains advocated by those working within laissez-faire and social democratic frameworks, who insist that women have to grab the opportunity to lobby for incremental change by exercising their vote and organizing cooperatively as an interest group to put more direct pressure on states, parties, and legislatures. The state is seen here as an unbiased arbiter of contradictory interests those women have an equal chance to shape to their purposes if they muster collectively. Their capability to do so, welfare liberal and social democratic feminists add, can be eased through economic redistribution. Such an approach has long been condemned by other feminists for its lack of radicalism, its search for compromise, and its emphasis on the activities of comparatively educated and economically privileged women. A conservatively Marxist model of revolutionary change through seizure of the state has often been pursued by more left wing feminists, often from within existing leftist organizations. The argument here is that gendered relations of power will collapse with capitalism and the liberal state, and a state proscribed in the interests of the working classes will facilitate a more substantive democracy for both women and men to expand. This view has been condemned by those who snub to subordinate feminist demands to anti-capitalist struggle. As the experience of so-called socialist states established, such subordination is probable to continue after the revolution. Gendered inequalities, though they may be considerably reconfigured, are unlikely to be determinedly overturned. Reference: †¢ Baxter, Sandra, and Marjorie Lansing. 1983. Women and Politics: The Visible Majority. Rev. ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. †¢ Bowker-Sauer. 1991. Who’s Who of Women in World Politics. London: Bowker? Sauer. †¢ Chowdhury, Najma, and Barbara J. Nelson, with Kathryn A. Carver, Nancy J. Johnson, and Paula L. O’Loughlin. 1994. â€Å"Redefining Politics: Patterns of Women’s Political Engagement from a Global Perspective. † In Barbara J. Nelson and Najma Chowdhury, eds. Women and Politics Worldwide. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. †¢ Conway, M. Margaret, Gertrude A Steuernagel, and David W. Ahern. 1997. Women and Political Participation: Cultural Change in the Political Arena. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press. †¢ Declaration from the Founder Members’ Meeting of the Independent Women’s Democratic Initiative. 1991. â€Å"Democracy Without Women Is No Democracy! † Feminist Review 39: 127-132. †¢ Evans, Sara. 1979. Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left. New York: Vintage Books. †¢ Janova, Mira, and Mariette Sineau. 1992. â€Å"Women’s Participation in Political Power in Europe: An Essay in East-West Comparison. † Women’s Studies International Forum 11/1: 115-128. †¢ Jaquette, Jane S. 1997. â€Å"Women in Power: From Tokenism to Critical Mass. † Foreign Policy 108: 23-37. †¢ Nelson, Barbara J. , and Najma Chowdhury, eds. 1994. Women and Politics Worldwide. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. †¢ Pateman, Carole. 1989. The Disorder of Woman: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press. †¢ Phillips, Anne. 1993. Democracy and Difference. Cambridge: Polity Press. †¢ Randall, Vicky. 1987. Women and Politics: An International Perspective. 2d ed. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. †¢ Rapoport, Tamar, and Orna Sasson-Levy. 1997. â€Å"Men’s Knowledge, Women’s Body: A Story of Two Protest Movements. † Paper presented at the First Regional Conference on Social Movements, 8-10 September, Tel Aviv, Israel. †¢ Rowbotham, Sheila. 1986. â€Å"Feminism and Democracy. † In David Held and Christopher Pollit, eds. New Forms of Democracy. London: SAGE in association with the Open University. †¢ Sturgeon, Noel. 1997. Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory and Political Action. London: Routledge. †¢ Uberoi, Patricia. 1995. â€Å"Problems with Patriarchy: Conceptual Issues in Anthropology and Feminism. † Sociological Bulletin 44/2: 195-221. †¢ Young, 1987. â€Å"Impartiality and the Civic Public: Some Implications of Feminist Critiques of Moral and Political Theory. † In Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds. Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press. †¢ Yuval-Davis, Nira. 1997a. â€Å"Women, Citizenship and Difference. † Feminist Review 57: 4-27.